Pipe branch development drawings. 3 f: Pipe Support Spacing Calculator g: Bolt Length Calculator 2. Pipes Illustrations and Clip Art 58 874 Pipes royalty. Apr 10, 2024 · However, the following stages are still widely considered a framework for understanding children’s artistic development–even decades later. कैलकुलेशन करने के बाद जो Feb 22, 2024 · Product Design: Technical drawings play a crucial role in product design and development. The main function of a drawing is to transfer information from the design team to Feb 22, 2024 · Related Tutorials GrabCAD Tutorials. Characteristics of P&IDs. 5 The position. 28 Collection of Pipe Branch Development Drawings High. A concentric reducer and an eccentric reducer are two different types of pipe reducers that are used to connect pipes of different sizes. Therefore, the invert elevation at point 1 is 2 m, and the invert elevation at point 2 is equal to I. Pipe development drawings are printed full size so they can be wrapped around the branch pipe for marking and layout of the pipe. The formula used for RF pad requirement calculation: You can calculate the value A1, A2, A3, A4 using the above formulas for the certain requirement of Branch and header pipe. Figure 3-55. Before You Begin 5 Creating a Drawing. ) Line specifications. Y-branch pipe development: Y-branch pipe developments are used when a pipe needs to split into two or more branches. These tools generate the 3D representation of the piping layout, including pipe dimensions, fittings, valves, and other components. Sep 28, 2023 · Engineering Drawing iitg ac in. Piping fabrication work is based on isometric drawings. branch fitting, and the attachment weld metal, by a large volume of metal concentrated around the run pipe hole. Apr 24, 2024 · 37° JIC Male to NPTF Female Pipe Branch Tee JIC (AN Fittings) are made from robust carbon steel and feature a zinc-trivalent coating for wear and corrosion resistance. PROCAD Plant Design Suite: 15-day free trial. Systematic; uniform. The size of the main duct is based on the total airflow or the airflow rated on your HVAC unit. Mar 13, 2024 · ScienceDirect. 3 (241 psi) DR 11 (200 psi) DR 13. Parallel Line Development Round Pipes. youtube. The drawing’s Layer names, Units, and Limits are discussed. 1 Draw the given views. The branch may be set-in or set-on relative to the main penetration. His six stages are broken down like this. Choose the type of joint you want, enter the pipe sizes and desired dimensions, print a template on your printer, wrap the template around the pipe, and cut on the line. The type of branch connection to be used is specified in the piping specifications and should conform to whatever piping code is applicable to the project. 4 Develop the shape of the hole in the hexagonal pipe. 273 × 2 = 546 ÷ 5 = 109 mm 90° position cut back. The branch fitting’s larger volume in the weld attachment area, yields a branch connection weld that is typically thicker than the branch pipe, and may also be thicker than the run pipe. Where the element lines hit the pipe in the end elevation view, project them horizontally into the front view. th = pressure design thickness of the header. Apr 27, 2016 · 133K subscribers. PIPE SUPPORT STANDARD Scribd. C1 ÷ 2 = 90° The position. after L1 and L2. Development of Curved Surfaces. CHAPTER 19. Step 2: Navigate to [ New] > [ Industrial Engineering] > [Choose a type of pip design diagram] Step 3: Select one pip design diagram template to edit on it or click the [+] sign to start from scratch. These bends can be of different angles, such as 45 degrees or 90 degrees, to accommodate specific requirements. HDPE PIPE AND FITTINGS —HDPE PIPE —HDPE FITTINGS PVC PIPE AND FITTINGS —PVC PIPE —PVC FITTINGS PPR PIPE AND FITTINGS —PPR PIPE —PPR Home > hdpe bend fittings pvc schedule 40 well casing pipe 4 dr 11 hdpe pipe ppr fittings (318 psi) DR 9 (250 psi) DR 9. Drawings Melbourne Water. 2K. 'he intersection of the center lines of the three pipes will locate point B, and lines from B to the intersections of the pipe Jul 2, 2021 · The reinforcement area required for a branch connection to resist internal pressure is mathematically expressed as found in 304. Mar 10, 2024 · How to create Pipe Development Drawing spotidoc com. It can be learnt to illustrate objects, functions or arrangements unambiguously and clearly. 3 c: Pipe Wall Thickness Calculator as per ASME B31. Firstly Navigate to the Branch Pipe Calculator and Select the Type of Branch Pipes Connections option from the list for Flat Pattern Layout Calculations. (1 to 1, 2 to 2, 3 to 3 etc. If Cut Tube Wall Thick is larger than 0, the cut fits to the inside diameter of the tube, making a notch for welding. Common Vent. Piping Fittings Dimensions: a: Steel Pipes 3) Create Single part drawing using IND-Development setting. This method can be used on any tee besides an oblique tee. Usually confidential. Every tangent tee at other than right angles must have the entire miter line developed. It has 10 pipe template development tutorial modules. To aid pipe fabricator on site, isometric drawings are prepared. END – Female Threaded, Socket Weld, and Bevel end. 1 A the. - True Y. How to read ISO drawings. , as dictated by the design documents. Parisher. Ex. A line routing diagram is a schematic representation of all process piping systems drawn on a copy of pipe rack general arrangement drawing / or on the unit plot plan where the pipe rack runs in the middle of the process unit. For stub-on branch connection, the branch edge lies on the outside diameter of the header. 1. The inside curve of the plates match the inner surface of the pipe shell. 6 mm β-90° Design Pressure- 503 Psi Design Temperature-400°C Mill tolerance for run or header pipe- ±0. less. If you also check commercial kitchen sink product data, you will also find that the typical connection size is 1/2” for both cold and hot water. - Round Tube (23) or Tube plug-ins. Angle Pipe to Pipe Pipe to Plate. Note these points represent opposite points on the circumference of the base, or on either side of the elevation. 1. A pipe fabricator can read the drawing and Jun 13, 2016 · This video explain about Layout and Development of Equal Size Lateral Branch(45 degree) by using Auto cad 2015 softwareThis channel explain about Reading pip . Stub-in connections suit scenarios where the difference between header/run pipe and branch pipe exceeds one size. Specify the pipes and fittings to be used as you draw a pipe run. widely Face used the method pipe ends for joining to establish individual clean, lengths parallel of polyethylene surfaces, pipe perpendicular is by to the. Pipe Development Drawings Donkiz Job. It's that easy to create template patterns for saddle joints, miters Half Template. Revised often with Revisons clearly identified. Search. 2 Determine by construction the line of penetration. 3 e: Branch Reinforcement Calculator as per ASME B31. Intersect the numbers as show. The branch edge of a stub-in connection matches the internal pipe diameter of the header. Unequal Diameter 90 Degree Tee-Shop Method. Dummy leg drawing template AAADrafting. Checkout list of such symbols given below. Development of patterns from sheet materials Engineering. Sewer Rising Mains Hunter Water. It is designed to mark just 45 degree reinforcing pad. In this App Following Fabrication Calculators are available : a. . Some individuals will not see these in their line of work but it is important to be aware of them. Jun 13, 2017 · How to develop a 45 degree Branch pipe and develop the hole in the main pipe using parallel line development- Geometric Development. Prepare a conceptual design for evaluation by code officers and senior engineers. to determine the true joint line, or work out the developed Apr 13, 2021 · pipe and the circular branch pipe. Increments. com/channel/UCwppdrjsBPAZg5_cUwQjfMQ 16. 75 by 2% and you get 0. Locate your HVAC unit and start by drawing the main duct first. 6 Branch connections. I sensed though that in order to learn the development procedure from a 3D drawing to a 2D drawing involving pipes, ahmedan47 should take a course in descriptive geometry as all CE's and ME's of my generation had to take in Subdivide the line drawn into 16 equal segments and number the lines 1 to 9 then back down to 1 as shown. Generally, many choices exist including the The first step in the development of any pipe rack is the generation of a line-routing diagram. This video explain about Layout and Development of Pipe Branch 90 degree ( 'T' pipe fitting template). Grouped by specific sections of the process. May 22, 2016 · Pipe Supports; Piping Isometric Drawings; Fire Protection System in Plants; Piping Fabrication Procedure; Testing Blind plate & Blank Thickness Calculation; Welding Procedure Specification for GTAW + SMAW; Layout and Development of Pipe Branch 90 degree; Reinforcing Pad Fabrication Formula and Data sheet; Method Of Repairing Weld Joint June (1) Oct 4, 2011 · Roy A. Specify standards for pipe systems. Pipe tube miter join full scale printable template. A pipe fabricator can understand GA drawing better only with the help of 3D scale model. This development Radius is used to layout cone fabrication layout markings or Flat Pattern Markings. Fabrication Flat Pattern app is used for developing fabrication layout of all types of shapes generally used in fabrication such as cone, shell, pipe branch connections, full cone, half cone, truncated cone, square to round, round to square, rectangular to round, Round to rectangular Sep 5, 2023 · Press/touch the develop button/icon and the branch and hole details are displayed ready for marking straight onto the material, the time saved is immeasurable when you consider, that, you do not need to draw the branch full size in two views and then transfer the development lines etc. Apr 5, 2022 · Equal Pipe Tee Branch Formula. Create a preliminary 1-line conceptual design. HOW TO Pipe Template weldingdata com. Individual Vent. β = smaller angle between the axes, of branch and pipe If, for example, the invert elevation at point 1 is 2 meters, and the length of the pipe is 40. It has another benefit in that you actually can see foundation in drawing for applying engineering concepts to piping projects. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS. Clear; uncluttered. 12 inch schedule 40. Note: - 'Wrap_tp' setting for single part drawing is available in default environment. Angle. Standard Butt pipe ends to be joined. It includes instructions for the proper drawing of symbols 3) Create Single part drawing using IND-Development setting. Create Pipe/tubular members with PD or SPD profiles. After Branch Pipe Types Selection you have to Enter All the Input dimensions required for this Flat Pattern Calculations. Then, branch out the duct and extend it until it is close to the respective supply air diffuser. Contact me at 905-467-0233 if you need more information. example. 24 , you save $2. It resembles a round metal washer that has been bent to conform to the curvature of the pipe. The method of drawing this problem does not vary from that of the preceding one. Plate’n’Sheet is ready to use straight ‘out-of-the-box’ with minimal learning required. A concentric reducer is a type of pipe reducer that has a conical shape with a symmetrical centerline. , 45-deg wye branch at left shows the two stiffener plates in place. 185. Engineering Drawing Aerospace Engg IITKGP. 3. Comparatively weaker than the stub-in branch connection and hence, handles less pressure. Piping Isometric drawing is an isometric representation of single pipe line in a plant. - Computations and Measurement for a Y Connection. If you will find A1<A2+A3+A4 then there is no requirement Another one! We are concluding our first Pipefitter series run with a video on how to draw isometric drawings. Before you create the drawing, click Options (Standard Toolbar) and click File Locations to select default paths for sheet formats and bills of materials. For this connection type, the pipe weld between the run and branch is a butt-weld. Tekla Structures individually draws the inner and outer surfaces of tubes that are thicker than value set using below variable, This software lets you print pipe cutting templates to any printer or export to an AutoCAD® DXF file. Pipe Development Drawings Tag adv eng tech com. Stub-on connections apply when both pipes are of the same size, or there is a one-size difference. But 3D scale model can not be put on a paper, and 3D scale model does not indicate dimensions. If a third plate were to be added, it could be welded on when this Mar 26, 2024 · Design the Supply Air Duct. To. Jan 2, 2022 · Run pipe material-A672Gr. $32. Pipe 4. An isometric drawing is generally on a A3 size paper. यह आर्ट सेंटर लाइन में मार्किंग किया गया है. If you will find A1≥A2+A3+A4 then there is a requirement of an RF pad for strengthening the branch connection. Dummy leg drawing and template automatically created using 3D drafting software. Latrolet is the only one Olets fittings which provide 45° lateral branch connections, As opposed to the typical 90° branch connection. 2 software with samples, templates and libraries of pipes, plumbing, and valves design elements for developing of water and plumbing systems, and for drawing Plumbing plan, Piping plan, PVC Pipe plan, PVC Pipe furniture plan, Plumbing layout plan, Plumbing floor plan, Half pipe plans, Pipe bender plans. A vent connecting at the junction of two fixture drains or to a fixture branch and serving as a vent for both fixtures. Pipe Layout or Flat Pattern. 25. A pipe installed to vent a fixture trap and that connects with the vent Plate’n’Sheet® is the industry's leading unfolding, flat pattern development software for commonly used shapes used in the metal, plastics, HVAC and insulation industries. Start point location. For a snug fit at the outside of the tube, enter 0 Cut Tube Wall Thick and grind inside of tube to fit. Pipe notching full scale printable template. This plan-view drawing is a major source of information used in the fabrication and erection of the piping facility. M5 U1 Drawing methods and types eCollege. ME 111 Engineering Drawing iitg ac in. Angled branch intersection FabEasy Pipe Template Development. Refer to Standard Image for understanding these dimensions at Output sections. LAYOUT OF A TRUE Y . Schematic; NOT a scaled layout. Table 3-2. 659K views 7 years ago Layout and Development. 4 The shape of the hole in the hexagonal main pipe. Essentially we are "unrolling" the round pipe from three-dimensions into two-dimensions. Consequently, the method need not be repeated here. Pipe Branch Development Mar 8, 2024 · Pipe fabrication can be defined as the process of cutting, bevelling, and welding piping components such as pipes, tees, elbows, flanges, reducers, etc. E. In the process and power piping industry, Piping fabrication is a highly critical activity as it involves hundreds of components and thousands of steps and Oct 8, 2022 · SONG: We Don't Talk Anymore (feat. 1) is a donut-shaped pad that goes around the branch of a branch joint to add strength to the joint. At right, the branch pipe is being lowered into position. The most 2. It is the most important deliverable of piping engineering department. Dimensioning Wrap around 1. What are ISO drawing Piping Isometric Drawing Software. Apr 7, 2019 · 90° degree pipe branch RF pad drawing. From a saved routing assembly, click Pipe Drawing . Latrolets fittings are available with multi-end connections. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams is a topic that can benefit process, project and design engineers, business developers, operators, safety, maintenance and even management. Line numbers (nos. Wrap the pipe and mark and counterpunch. As with weld symbols, pipe symbols are a reflection of what that part would look like in theory. at. 45° degree pipe branch RF paid drawing. 5. Endpoint location. Stub-on Pipe Connection. M4 PLANT: 30-day free trial. The PBRANCH software module is for the development of pipe branches in sheet and plate and provides for flat cutting patterns or wrap-around templets for branch, main and compensating plate elements of a pipe branch in which the main is penetrated for process applications. A piping isometric checker must ensure the correctness of the below-mentioned points in the piping isometric. You can create isometric drawings of piping or tubing assemblies that include the routing sketch, a BOM, or balloons. Following the labeling, draw in the miter line in the front view. It is necessary to ensure maximum quality of work in this activity to ensure proper functioning of piping network and minimize accidents. It still gives us the point “where the tee hits the pipe” and it is much more manageable to do in the shop. Point O is labeled as the center of our shape This video explain about Layout and Development of 45 deg Pipe Cutting(45 degree miter bend fabricate from pipe-Template)This channel explain about Reading p Piping fabrication is a critical activity on any oil and gas, petrochemicals, chemicals or any other construction projects where piping networks are required. 2 Trunnion support. SmartDraw: 7-day free trial. Various symbols are used to indicate piping components, instrumentation, equipments in engineering drawings such as Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID), Isometric Drawings, Plot Plan, Equipment Layout, Welding drawings etc. The main differences between them are in their shapes and how they are used. This presentation explains two methods of how to develop and layout an equal “Y” branch intersection. 815. How to create Pipe Development Drawing spotidoc Jul 10, 2013 · FabEasy is an eLearning tool. The Scribble Stage (1-2 years) The Pre-Schematic Stage (2-4 years) The Schematic Stage (4-7 years) Dawning Realism Stage (9-11 years) Pseudo-naturalistic Stage Aug 24, 2010 · With a bit of smoke, a few mirrors and a degree in hieroglyphics, anyone can learn to read a P&ID. Pipe Development Drawings Epub wdsc2017 org. These drawings guide manufacturers in producing the product and enable communication between designers, engineers, and manufacturers. Draw in the element lines from the profile divisions. 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30°. Chapter 6: Straight Pipe, Curved Pipe, and Intersection Calculations 85 Chapter 7: Piping Flexibility, Reactions, and Sustained Thermal Calculations 119 Chapter 8: Pipe-Supporting Elements and Methods Calculations 145 Chapter 9: Specialty Components 161 Chapter 10: High-Frequency versus Low-Frequency Vibration Calculations 181 The arrangement drawing is the most significant drawing developed by a piping designer. Main Graphic section consist of Isometric Representation of a pipe line route Reinforcing Pad or RePAD or RF Pad (Fig. Drawing intersections, miter joints, orangle peels and other fabrication is one way of avoiding math. So, it helps to minimize fabrication time and Increased accuracy. Create connections at node using Tekla System macros. Find 500,000+ High-Quality CAD Drawings to Use in Your Projects for Free. 75 meters, the slope will be 2%; multiply 40. 3 mm Mill tolerance for branch pipe- ±12. 2. Feb 21, 2022 · Tag along in this video as we do a graphical layout and development of a 90 degree pipe branch according to the Pipe Fitters Blue Book. 4. must be at X-X. Input Segment of This Web Calculator has Each Branch Pipe Connections Plumbing and Piping Plans solution extends ConceptDraw PRO v10. The joint of the pattern. Fabrication Layout calculator. 4) Go to view properties Æ Set view scale etc & rotate view if required to orient it different way. The other shows how to develop a “Y” branch template/pattern. CAD. These fittings are designed for high-pressure resistance and are suitable for a variety of industrial applications. Drafting OrthOgraphic anD isOmetric Drawings. 2 - 0. Using the supplied Unit-01 reference drawings, equipment vendor drawings, civil and structural steel details, and modeled 3D piping isometrics, a written step-by-step process of establishing boundaries, locations, sizes, and ratings of the components which comprise Unit-01 are provided. Many people avoid using math as much as possible. There are four common drawing templates for four plot sizes depending on drawing type and/or scale factor: Figure 1. ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 Lines, points, numbering method and construction techniques are demonstrated according to a standard code of drawing office practice. For the individual fixture piping, you should use a 1/2” pipe but for the H-I, you should use a 3/4” pipe. At 3 WSFU, the quick sizing table will need a 3/4” pipe. Gulf Professional Publishing, Oct 4, 2011 - Technology & Engineering - 418 pages. In this example, we move the views into the blank size and minimize our drawing. 2. Clean, clamp Figure and align. A branch connection is made when the pipe header has either an equal or smaller size branch line connected to it. Diameter Angle. FIGURE 1, DIAGRAM SHEET 1 (attached) shows a junction between a hexagonal pipe and a round pipe. 99. N1 Plating and Structural steel Drawings ? GeoGebra. ) Draw a line through these intersecting points as shown then cut out the template. Here’s a look at the free trial options that are available for the software on our list: IronCAD: Free trial (timeframe n/a) Lucidchart: 7-day free trial. 3 d: Bend Wall Thickness Calculator as per ASME B31. 5° × A = 67. 5. 815 = 1. C1 ÷ 2 = A sin × 67. Check out following articles providing info about Jun 13, 2017 · How to develop a 45 degree Branch pipe and develop the hole in the main pipe using parallel line development- Geometric Development Keep in mind that the labeling will rotate 90° with the view. They clearly and effectively demonstrate the process of pipe template development, using step by step animations to give you a thorough understanding of the template development process. 112. Designers create detailed drawings to represent various parts, assemblies, and dimensions of the product. This is Mr. Fabrication Calculator App is Very helpful for developing fabrication layout of all types of shapes generally used in fabrication. 5% mm Corrosion allowances for run pipe (C)-3 mm The six steps involved in making a butt fused joint are: 1. At left, the assembled unit is being fitted for welding. Set up a project and open a drawing. Branch Pipe End – Male Threaded, Plain, and Bevel end. Pipe Symbols. B Branch pipe material-A106 Gr. 3 Develop the pattern for the round pipe. 1/5 in the series How to Interpret Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams. Approx length around join (weld length) 153. Mar 25, 2024 · A Manual of Engineering Drawing for Students and Draftsmen. Aug 9, 2015 · The branch pipe, however, is tipped towards the eye as will be seen by studying Fig. Stub-in Pipe Connection. 3 Drawing templates and drawing standards Drawing templates are required for the drawings that are to be created for the project. Thomas Frankland's drawing book for pipe fabrication. PIPING Isometric Drawings Satish Lele. Step 1: Open EdrawMax desktop software or EdrawMax web-based application. Draw the tee stretch-out and divide into 12 equal A stub-in piping connection is able to withstand more pressure. Development Radius (R1 and R2) : Development Radius has calculated this calculator and Denoted By R1 and R2 for Inner and Outer Radius respectively. Pipe Fitting amp Pipe Bending 40 Hours Course. Large weld volumes create internal stresses Fabrication Flat Pattern Calculator App By Let’sFab. Pipe Development Drawings Advantage Engineering The 24 X 24-in. Information on the arrangement drawing aids in the development of the piping model and the isometric drawings. OD 273 mm. first marking C1 after marking C2. Market price: $35. Mar 16, 2017 · I am still trying to figure out ahmedan47's objective, so a sketch with proper labels would have been a better choice. Create Single part drawing using wrap_tp setting and create drawing . Thermal Process and Mild Steel Pipework eCollege. Attach the drawing to an architectural floor plan as an external reference. after W. 3. Radial line pattern development is a technique used in technical drawing and engineering to create complex shapes and patterns using a set of straight lines. Development Angle Feb 13, 2024 · Hunter Water. study work prior to the receipt of vendor drawings. The triangulation method for the development of pre-fabricated components for plate, pipe and structural steel plate, pipe and structural steel drawing is demonstrated. Pipe Drafting and Design, Third Edition provides step-by-step instructions to walk pipe designers, drafters, and students through the creation of piping arrangement and isometric drawings. Dial in the pipe diameters and wall thickness for any size of pipe and fittings. Mark allocation for any 2 dimensions. Cut with a torch keeping the tip pointed towards the Mar 15, 2024 · Elbow pipe development: Elbow pipe developments involve creating a pipe with one or more bends or elbows. 1° 2° 5° 10°. • If pipe is in horizontal plane, the A Piping isometric checklist is a list of checkpoints that are ensured while checking the piping isometric. Chapter 13 Layout and Fabrication of Sheet Metal and. Tekla Structures individually draws the inner and outer surfaces of tubes that are thicker than value set using below variable, Jun 13, 2017 · How to develop a 45 degree Branch pipe and develop the hole in the main pipe using parallel line development- Geometric Development Pipe Template Layout. Pipe Development Drawings Epub greenimpex co in. Latrolet. Basic guidelines for lettering isometric drawings: ISO DRAWINGS ISO DRAWINGS -- Dimensions • If the pipe’s vertical, the lettering should be written vertically and at 30° angle • Dimensions appear to be lying down if the pipe is horizontal or standing on end if the pipe is vertical. Print the following title and scale centrally below the completed 12. Fusion Joint. 5 (160 psi) Pipe Size Avg OD Min Wall gabjqfqcBCTt PPR Pipes and Pipe Fittings in Dubai,UAE. B Run pipe type-Welded Branch pipe type- Seamless D h – 20″ = 508 mm D b – 14″ = 355. 3 The pattern of the plate to manufacture the circular branch pipe. Example 10″ × 10″. Pipe Drawings are much different from specific weld symbols but they do have a similar relationship from part to symbol. The first method displays how to transfer dimensions directly onto the pipe using ordinate/development lines. We will continue to use short-cuts. Pipe OD × 2 ÷ 5 = 90° position cut back. With the increase in pipe size, the cost of branch connection fittings increases. Watch this trailer. Selena Gomez)https://www. Mar 19, 2024 · a: Pipe Spacing Calculator. In laying out pipe for the fabrication of a true Y without the use of templates or tables, a full-sized drawing of the intersection (fig. Piping Symbols. 1 Function of Drawings Technical drawing is also referred to as the "language of sight". All the construction lines must be clearly indicated on the completed drawing. Piping isometric drawing software is an essential tool for piping engineers and designers to create detailed isometric drawings of piping systems. Piping isometric drawing consists of three sections. 3 (b) A1 = th x d1(2−sinβ) Where; d1= effective length removed from the pipe header at branch. 3-55) should be made. b: Allowable Design Pressure Calculator as per ASME B31. common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to provide free movement of air above the flow line of the drain. For larger pipes, or if you don't have a miter saw handy, print templates at 100% Printer Scale, cut and wrap around pipe to mark the miter cut. Again, make sure the plan sits directly below the elevation and label points A and B on each. Subscribed. ev sa ac ak yi hv qh qp bk qp