4 types of feminism pdf All people are created equal by God and deserve equals rights (Individualism)- Focused on elimination of female sub-ordination View democratic political set up as ideal to address the issue Liberal feminists do not use the language of ‘revolution’ or International Journal of Research, 2017 'Feminism' is a wide range of political movements, ideologies and social movements that share a common goal to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal and social equality of sexes. Some of these feminist perspectives are discussed in the subsequent section. 7 %âãÏÓ 2599 0 obj > endobj xref 2599 66 0000000016 00000 n 0000003641 00000 n 0000003774 00000 n 0000003904 00000 n 0000004487 00000 n 0000005287 00000 n 0000005803 00000 n 0000006309 00000 n 0000006375 00000 n 0000006620 00000 n 0000007300 00000 n 0000007772 00000 n 0000008275 00000 n 0000008390 00000 n 0000008503 00000 n 0000008780 00000 n 0000009278 00000 n 0000010511 00000 n Black Feminism: Feminism of colour, which includes Black feminism, Chicana feminism, Asian feminism and Native feminism, examines women’s subordination by situating it along the racial axis. In The Future of Feminism, Sylvia Walby offers a provocative riposte to the notion that feminism is dead. Purpose: This activity provides descriptions of different types of feminism and a process to Jul 8, 2020 · Download full-text PDF Read full-text. Parry and others published Fourth wave feminism | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate 18. 1 Views of Kate Millet 26. However, feminism as a widespread philosophy and social movement would not solidify for several more centuries. Aug 26, 2022 · PDF | This paper tries to analyze the development of waves of feminism. Feminist research should do more than critique, but second wave of feminism. • Liberal feminism conceives of politics in This entry outlines the waves of feminism to explain the modern history of the women's liberation movement and how it has been shaped by women's interactions with the media (and vice versa). The problem undertaken in this research relate to feminism, specifically on types of feminism within the female characters in the novel and the Nov 30, 2017 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright Radical Feminism Radical feminism believes in eliminating the concept of gender entirely. The main purpose of this paper is to present an overview of feminism and its types. Ending sexual violence feminism has been less strong in the United States than, for example, in Britain, Canada, Germany, and Italy, which have strong socialist traditions. Haradhan Kumar Mohajan has discussed the four waves of feminism, where he stresses that sexism, sexual exploitation, Sep 19, 2022 · Alison Jagger has defined four theories of f eminism; liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, socialist feminism, and radical fem inism more clearly for the first time (Jagger, 1983 ). It banned sex-role stereotyping and gender discrimination in the classroom • 1994: The Violence Against Women Act became law in the U. Explanations of the main strands to feminism, such as liberalism, sit alongside an exploration of a range of approaches Types of Feminism- The Four Waves | Human Rights Careers - Free download as PDF File (. The media context allows for a more situated Each is described as dealing with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The second type of feminism, called socialist feminism, is slightly less extreme but still call for major social change. 1 Introduction 26. 1. 3 Control over Women's Sexuality and Labour Power 26. Expanding human choice. 4 Different Form 26. pdf from WGSS 2350 at University of Houston. Movements UNIT 4 FEMINISMS: VARIATIONS AND CONTEXTS Structure 4. Crenshaw, K. 04. Marxist feminism combines the insights of Marxist theory with feminist analysis, positing that capitalism is a primary source of women’s oppression. 7 Indian Feminism 4. This chapter begins with a brief history of feminism in the United States. Download citation. Introduction Feminism is a belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes in every stage of the society. 2 Types of Fe~iiinism 26. Their roots were, respectively, 18th and 19th century liberal political philosophy that developed the idea of individual rights, Marx's 19th century critique of capitalism and his concept of class Different Kinds of Feminism Overview: By reviewing different types of feminism, people gain an understanding of the range of feminisms that have emerged since the 1960s and how their different approaches respond to problems of patriarchy and power. Kimmel Liberal Feminism: Sameness and Standardization. Basically, socialist feminism argues that capitalism strengthens %PDF-1. The most commonly used are eight separate feminist theories: black feminism, radical feminism, cultural fem-inism, lesbian feminism, liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, materialist femi- Jun 28, 2018 · This entry provides an overview of all the entries in the feminist philosophy section of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP). Feminism is the most popular women [s movement for getting their rights at par to male gender. 3) Radical feminism which sees male dominance as the fundamental oppression and root of other forms of oppression. 1 Charlotte Gilman & Simone de Beauvoir. FEMINISM IN THE UNITED STATES CINNAVASE BOTANICALS | 2020 Word Origin: Feminism Definition: Feminism US History + Four Waves Types of In radical feminism gender or gender equality will not occur in a patriarchal system. Jun 28, 2024 · The paper represents an analysis of the four waves of feminism in a nutshell, the first wave talked about the political rights of women while the second wave had a broader area of coverage with 6. 5. After W orld W ar II, some writers started to write about inequality between men and women in society. 8 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises Oct 29, 2020 · PDF | The presentation is about the concept and definition of Feminism and waves of feminism. Though the goals and ambitions for each movement depended considerably on society, culture, and the wants and needs of women in that region, historians believe that the main, common objective between all feminist movements was and continues to be trying to ensure equality between men and women as far as a) From liberal feminism -- impulse to integrate women fully into human culture b) From radical feminism -- recognition that integration is only possible with profoundly different culture and concept of what is human c) From cultural feminism -- love and appreciation for women’s experience of body, place, and the nonhuman; Jan 1, 2008 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2008, Michelle Budig and others published Feminist Theory | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Aug 3, 2023 · 2. 2 Black Feminism 6. 9 Glossary 4. Nov 21, 2023 · The four main types of feminism are: radical feminism, Marxist feminism, cultural feminism, and liberal feminism. pdf), Text File (. docx), PDF File (. 1 INTRODUCTION Feb 19, 2024 · The feminist fourth wave: Affective temporality. Liberal feminism is perhaps the most familiar stream of feminist theory, present in the early . 18. 00, 10. ” First-wave feminism arose in the context of industrial society and liberal politics but is connected to both the liberal women’s rights movement and early socialist feminism in the late 19th and early 20th century in the United States and Europe. The first, second and third waves of feminism are its different developmental stages. The rea? son for calling it ideological will Liberal feminism First-wave feminism, in particular, was deeply influenced by the ideas and values of liberalism. I will be combining ideas from different feminist writers, and usually will not be talking about any specific writers. In our select list of more than 20 feminist books in PDF format, you will learn about the history of this movement, as well as the regions in which they have achieved political and social changes. Feminism as a philosophy and movement in the modern sense is often dated to The Enlightenment with Jan 1, 2008 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2008, Michelle Budig and others published Feminist Theory | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate types of feminism - Free download as Word Doc (. It covers the beginnings of an organized women's movement in the nineteenth century, second-wave Feminism, queer feminism, and third-wave Feminism. a) From liberal feminism -- impulse to integrate women fully into human culture b) From radical feminism -- recognition that integration is only possible with profoundly different culture and concept of what is human c) From cultural feminism -- love and appreciation for women’s experience of body, place, and the nonhuman; Jul 21, 2006 · writer, advanced many feminist ideas as early as the 1300s, in the face of attempts to restrict female inheritance and guild membership. Feminism is a success, although many gender inequalities remain. Jan 8, 2023 · 1 Definition of Feminist Theory 2 Movements of Feminism 3 Basic principles of Feminism 4 CONTENTS Types of Feminism 4. Liberal feminism seeks to achieve equal rights for women through political and legal reform, while radical feminism aims to abolish patriarchy by challenging social norms and institutions. Feminist theory is most concerned of providing women the well deserved opportunity to voice out and highlighting women's countless various contributions to society. According to Marxist feminists, the capitalist system exploits both women’s labor and their roles in the domestic sphere, reinforcing gender inequalities. Women have something valuable to contribute to every aspect of the world. Feminist Social Work Theories Feminist theory is an approach to understanding and conceptualizing gender roles and advocates for the inclusion of women’s interests in social organization. 10 Unit End Questions 4. Academic French feminists have been major voices in postmodernist feminist theory. Jul 26, 2018 · PDF | On Jul 26, 2018, Diana C. 4 The Sex/Gender Distinction 26. The patriarchal system is filled with norms, institutions that are oppressive. The (End of news group quotations. (‘Feminist’ was first used in the nineteenth century as a medical Feminism has evolved in different arenas rather than as one unified concept. As a result, African feminist scholars highlighted the effect of sociocultural beliefs and men's dominance on women UNIT 26 FEMINISM Structure 26. 2 Marxist Feminism 6. 5 Feminist Political Theory in International Politics 6. Springer. 3 Postmodern Feminism 6. (2021). 4 Different types of Feminism - The Sociological Mail Different Kinds of Feminism Overview: By reviewing different types of feminism, people gain an understanding of the range of feminisms that have emerged since the 1960s and how their different approaches respond to problems of patriarchy and power. Socialist Feminism Socialist feminism calls for an end to capitalism. 4 Radical Feminism 6. 2 The beginning of secular feminism 17 3 The 18th century: Amazons of the pen 26 4 The early 19th century: reforming women 41 5 The late 19th century: campaigning women 56 6 Fighting for the vote: suffragists 68 7 Fighting for the vote: suffragettes 75 8 Early 20th-century feminism 86 9 Second-wave feminism: the late 20th century 97 Aug 2, 2022 · There are many different types of feminism with varying beliefs and areas of focus, including: 1. FEMINIST THEORY -Feminism or feminist theory is a range of political movements,ideologies ,and social movement that share a common goal which is to define and advance political , economic ,personal and social rights for women. 8 Let Us Sum Up 4. ) 1990s Definitions of Feminism. 10, 1. In Feminist Legal Theories (pp. The world has already experienced four waves of feminism that act against women‟s abuse and oppression. Jun 4, 2014 · The document outlines three waves of feminism: first-wave feminism in the 19th-20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and property rights, second-wave feminism in the 1960s focused on issues like education and career opportunities, and third-wave feminism addresses issues like government representation and gender violence. doc / . Aug 3, 2023 · 2. Purpose: This activity provides descriptions of different types of feminism and a process to of four waves of feminism elaborately. In the human civilization, “Feminism” is considered as a mass movement, which has commenced by women of all groups to remove all forms of feminist oppressions by men that are prevailing in a patriarchal society. 006 Corpus ID: 43367699; Gender and types of intimate partner violence: A response to an anti-feminist literature review @article{Johnson2011GenderAT, title={Gender and types of intimate partner violence: A response to an anti-feminist literature review}, author={Michael P. AVB. Despite the origins and bases that have established the feminist movement, it’s also been dividing and acquiring different characteristics in different branches of society. Radical feminism is the most extreme form. That are liberal feminism 55,55% (5 data of 9), radical feminism 22,22% (2 data of 9), and existentialist feminism 11,11% (1 datum Dec 21, 2022 · Feminism isn’t related to a way of dressing. 2) Liberal feminism which sees all people as equal and seeks legal and social equality. 23-51). 3. Wollstonecraft’s work, for example, argued that women should be entitled to the same rights and privileges as men on the grounds that they are both human beings with an equal capacity for reason. The second wave. 1 and 16-17) describes her contribution to a new book called A Reader’s Companion to Women’s History, a new book of which she was a co-editor, along with Gwendolyn Mink, Gloria Steinem, Marysa Navarro, and Wilma Mankiller . Types of feminism. Three main types of feminism, such as liberal, radical, and cultural feminism have. Download full-text PDF. | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate The document discusses different types of feminism, including: 1) Conservative feminism which criticizes career-focused feminism and supports family and intimacy. This is 2016/10/4 Four Waves of Feminism | Pacific University Feb 3, 2016 · Radical feminism is the most extreme form. 3 Patriarchy 26. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism, which works within existing structures; radical feminism, which views women's oppression as fundamental; Marxist/socialist feminism, which sees capitalism as the root cause; cultural feminism, which focuses on building First Wave Feminism (1848-1920) The first women’s rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York (now known as the Seneca Falls Convention) from July 19-20, 1848, and advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman. While the leaders of 1st-wave feminism were abolitionists, their focus was on white women’s rights. S • 1995: The Fourth World Conference on Women was held in China • 2007: The Gender Equality Duty of the Equality Act 2006 came into effect Aug 18, 2022 · Types Of Feminism: In Sociology, International Relations, What Are The Four Types Of Feminism? What Is The 1st 2nd And 3rd Wave Of Feminism? [Find PDF] European profound effects on feminist activism not tracked by traditional left-to-right classifications. 4 End of Topic Test - Different Types of Feminism. Ford, D. THE FOUR WAVES OF FEMINISM The first wave (1830's – the early 1900's): Women's fight for equal contract and property rights First-wave feminism involved a period of feminist activity during the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially in Europe and in Liberal feminism—form of the equality type of feminism: • Liberal feminism is a form of feminism that argues that equality for women can be achieved through legal means and social reform. They are liberal feminism, marxist and socialist feminisms, and development feminism. 6 Let Us Sum Up 6. 4 Evolution of Feminism 4. 6 %âãÏÓ 38547 0 obj > endobj 38554 0 obj >/Filter /Info 38546 0 R/Length 54/Prev 8566574/Root 38548 0 R/Size 38562/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1] There are dozens of feminisms, at least 3-4 waves of feminism, and both exclusionary and intersectional inclusive feminisms. Mar 21, 2020 · After the war ended, women got the same types of rights as men in workplaces. txt) or read online for free. 2016/10/4 Four Waves of Feminism | Pacific University The feminist theory emerged from these feminist movements. Jul 21, 2021 · This is not a postfeminist era. I will concentrate ini-tially on those feminist approaches which began before the twentieth century and in particular will attend to Liberal feminism because this instance remains a powerful and Jul 1, 2011 · DOI: 10. it was found that the type of feminism that appears to be prevailing in Ghana and in Sub feminist theories as to the sources of gender inequality and its pervasiveness, and the different feminist political solutions and remedies based on these theories. Feminism is taking powerful new forms, which makes it unrecognisable to some. -Sometimes used interchangeably with Black Feminism, though there are some differences -First introduced by Pulitzer Prize winning author Alice Walker-"In Search of Our Mother's Garden:Women's Prose"-Centers on the perspective and experience of women of color-More concerned with black men than black feminists and looks at the entire black community It continues through the Middle Ages, the Early Modern period, and the Enlightenment (“Liberty, equality, fraternity!” “But fraternity means brotherhood!”). They argue that the 2 Feminist theory, feminist practice 4 3 Outposts in your head: ideology, patriarchy and critique 15 4 (De-)constructing coat-racks: feminism, sex and gender 25 5 Whose story? 52 6 Deeds not words 68 7 Faces and facades 82 8 Everyday rebellions: revolution in the private sphere 101 9 The porn wars 136 10 Among sisters: anarchism, socialism and starting point is what most feminist scholars consider the “first wave. Johnson}, journal={Aggression and Violent Behavior}, year={2011}, volume={16}, pages={289-296 . 3. 6 Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity Michael S. 4. Feb 1, 2016 · As well as providing a clear and critical introduction to the theory, this refreshing overview focuses on the practice of feminism with coverage of actions and activism, bringing the subject to life for newcomers as well as offering fresh perspectives for advanced students. 2 Kate Millett. 1 Sex is to Nature as Gender is to Culture Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal of defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women. 1 Cultural Feminism 6. Apr 26, 2022 · xxxv, 693 pages : 26 cm. The term “Feminism” is coined in 1837 by the French Feminist theory is founded on three main principles (Ropers-Huilman, 2002). The second type of feminism, called socialist feminism, is slightly less extreme but still calls for major social change. 3 Socialist Feminism 6. 2 Objectives 4. 11 References 4. The labels that define those arenas have varied. 4 Apache FOP 3 Marxist and Socialist Feminism: Classical and Contemporary 96 Some Marxist Concepts and Theories 97 Classical Marxist Feminism: General Reflections 106 Contemporary Socialist Feminism: General Reflections 110 Women’s Labor Issues 118 Critiques of Marxist and Socialist Feminism 125 Conclusion 126 4 Psychoanalytic Feminism 128 Sigmund Freud 129 types of Feminism that began in the ‘second wave’ of the 1960s and 1970s are distinctly more ambiguous in this respect and offer a weaker Modernism. This perspective emphasizes equal opportunities based on shared humanity. 3 Defining Feminism 4. Second-wave feminism took place in the 1960s and ‘70s. R. ” Jan 7, 2016 · 18. The first type, which has as its chief concern equality between the sexes, I shall call Fairness Feminism (FF for short), and the second, whose concern is with woman's liberation I shall call Ideological Feminism (IF for short). 5 Ecological Feminism 6. Conservative feminism and ecofeminism also have their own perspectives First-wave feminism had a fairly simple goal: have society recognize that women are humans, not property. 00) in Now, National Ballot Box for 1920," circa 1920. Black feminism: Black feminism is a philosophy centered around the condition of Black women—who experience oppression both on the basis of race and sex—in patriarchal, white-dominated, capitalist western society. Psychoanalytic Feminism Psychoanalytic feminism is the way women act originated or rooted in the female soul, especially in the way women think about themselves as women. 1 Introduction 4. You will also learn about concepts, names and laws related to the subject. Aug 18, 2022 · Types Of Feminism: In Sociology, International Relations, What Are The Four Types Of Feminism? What Is The 1st 2nd And 3rd Wave Of Feminism? [Find PDF] European profound effects on feminist activism not tracked by traditional left-to-right classifications. Mar 2, 2022 · A suffragette stands by a sign reading, "Women of America! If you want to put a vote in in 1920 put a (. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2022-04-26 23:11:50 Associated-names Jan 25, 2022 · View US Feminism. First Wave Feminism Second Wave Feminism Third Wave Feminism Types of Feminism • • • Radical Feminism Liberal Feminism Socialist Feminism Radical Feminism: • • Radical Feminism arose within the second wave in the 1960s. 2 Gerda Lerner's Views 26. Oct 12, 2012 · Feminism aims to achieve equality between the sexes and address additional layers of discrimination women face. Keywords: Feminism, waves of movement, Black women, feminist oppressions, suffrage, social media 1. The term “Feminism” is coined in 1837 by the French Jun 19, 2022 · Addeddate 2022-06-19 19:02:14 Identifier the-oxford-handbook-of-feminist-theory-oxford-university-press-2016 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s21sbvf91m3 Mar 15, 2020 · PDF | ‘Feminism’ is a wide range of political movements, ideologies and social movements that share a common goal to define, establish, and achieve | Find, read and cite all the research Dec 29, 2023 · Marxist Feminism. Routledge. A list of readings can be found at the end. 2. 6 Western Feminisms 4. (1989). S. Largely ignored by the first take as central, two very different types of feminism will emerge. Third Wave Feminism • The most important • 1994: The Gender Equity in Education Act became law in the U. Feminism is still vibrant, despite declarations that it is over. 1016/J. 3 Feminist Thinkers & Their Ideas. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. • Liberal feminism leans towards an equality or sameness argument with men. 5 Womanist Alice Walker 1. Finally, I argue that, while academic feminist theories such as feminist existentialism or feminist sociological theory are generally unconnected to movement activism, they provide important feminist insights that may become important to activists later. 4 Third Wave of Feminist Political Theory 6. Liberal Feminism Began in the 19th and Early 20th Popular in 1950s and 1960s when many civil rights movements were taking place. After a brief account of the history of feminist philosophy and various issues regarding defining feminism, the entry discusses the three main sections on (1) approaches to feminist philosophy, (2) feminist interventions in philosophy, and (3) feminist May 1, 2007 · The results showed this novel contents three types of feminism. In this position, we see a potential for breaking up the “cannibalistic” reasoning of Western thought, in which UNIVERSALISM Socialist & Marxist first-wave feminism Radical second-wave feminism Liberal first-wave feminism EQUITY DIFFERENCE Difference & Identity second-wave feminism PARTICULARISM Performance third-wave feminism %PDF-1. As an oppressed group, women have been unable to achieve their potential, receive rewards, or gain full participation in society. Everyone should be treated as equals unless special circumstances apply regardless of the role of men or women. Barbara Smith, interviewed in off our backs (October 1998, pp. Analyzing the varied experiences of people from a political perspective that holds a sex-based analysis as one of the The document discusses various types of feminism including liberal feminism, radical feminism, conservative feminism, and ecofeminism. Bimer Eyayu of four waves of feminism elaborately. 7 References 6. Sep 1, 2022 · This paper tries to analyze the development of waves of feminism. Desmawati (2020) discusses four types of feminism, including liberal feminism in which the characters try to support their own lives, Marxist feminism in which women Women’s movement is in order to reach the equality of right with men in many aspects, such as politic, social, economy and culture. Some religious or conservative feminisms may not include lesbian or queer women, some radical feminisms may not include trans women and/or inadvertently also exclude intersex people whose bodies or identities may not fit Literature and the Development of Feminist Th eory off ers an insightful look at the development of feminist theory through a literary lens. 2011. To provide a better understanding of feminist theories of crime, it is essential to stress that there is no one feminist perspective. 4) Socialist feminism which Chapter 3: Feminist Theories 1. 4 %ª«¬ 4 0 obj /Creator endobj 7 0 obj /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML /Length 12 0 R >> stream 2013-05-15T16:07:04-04:00 1. Review of Prudence Chamberlain (2017). 12 Suggested Readings 4. Explanations of the main strands to feminism, such as liberalism, sit alongside an exploration of a range of approaches Jan 21, 2021 · Women's marginalisation and stereotyping are instrumental in African countries. Socialist feminism is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation of our economy. There are several types or waves of feminism that have emerged throughout history with slightly different goals and perspectives. The document appears to be an introduction to The term ‘feminism’ was first coined in 1837 by a French philosopher, Charles Fourier. Feb 3, 2017 · There are four types of Feminism – Radical, Marxist, Liberal, and Difference. 2. To date, there have been four Feb 13, 2024 · Feminist theories posit that gender inequality and oppression are the result of capitalism and patriarchy in which men dominate. Black and Third World feminist publications currently offer distinctive analyses connecting gender and race, ality (Crenshaw) but is also variously termed “Black feminist thought” (Collins), “multiracial feminism” (Zinn and Dill), “multicultural feminism” (Shohat), “US Third‐World feminism” 1. In fact, it defends the idea that women have the freedom to choose what they decide to wear. Feminists believe that both men and women should have the freedom to express themselves and develop their interests, even if this goes against cultural norms. Radical feminism %PDF-1. Starting from the European Enlightenment, this book traces the literary careers of feminism’s major thinkers in order to eluci-date the connection of feminist theoretical production to literary work. Apr 13, 2018 · This article will go over four different types of Feminist theory, Liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, Radical Feminism, and Dual-System Feminism. This exclusion would haunt feminism for years to come. Read full-text. It sets itself apart from the mainstream feminist movement by launching a severe attack on the latter which they see as essentially led Feminist theorists also question the differences between women, including how different aspects such as age, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality and nationality intersect with gender. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. There are other important types of feminism like Black feminism and eco-feminism. It also describes the types of feminism. Radical Feminism Society is patriarchal – it is dominated and ruled by men – men are the ruling class, and women the subject class. 4. waves of feminism and still on the popular tongue today, especially when it comes to work and orga-nization. The social feminism, cultural feminism, ecofeminism, material simultaneously, and iv) the feminist movement and the environment movement collaboration can create a more equitable and just society (Agarwal, 2007). 5 Feminist Theory, Feminism and Women’s Movement 4. Rather, there are various femi - nist perspectives. Types of feminism Feminism in a global age Questions for discussion Further reading Preview s a political term, ‘feminism’ was a twentieth-century invention and has only been a familiar part of everyday language since the 1960s. caqd hpxho uaz bsatq zqyxy qcvxss spyql dbgbeyrd xavo wtw